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==Electronics==
==Electronics==


===Discrete Components===
===Concepts===
*Resistors
*Capacitors
*Inductors


===Semiconductors===
*Direct Current (DC) flows in one direction, either steadily or in pulses.
*Alternating Current (AC) flows in alternating directions across a circuit
*Current refers to the quantity of electrons passing a given point.
**Unit - Amperes
**Symbol - I
*Voltage - refers to the electrical pressure or force
**Unit - Volts
**Symbol - V
*Resistance - refers to a cause of restriction in the flow of a current
**Unit - Ohms
**Symbol - R (or Ω)
*Power - refers to the work performed by a current
**Unit - Watt
**Symbol - p
*Potential Difference - the difference in voltage between the two ends of a conductor through which a current flows. Also known as voltage drop.
 
===Ohm's Law===
 
a potential difference of 1 volt will force a current of 1 ampere through a resistance of 1 ohm, or: V = I x R or I = V / R or R = V / I
 
Ohm's law also is used to calculate power where P = I x V (or I^2 x R)
 
===Abbreviations and Units===
 
'''Metric Prefixes for SI Units'''
 
P (PETA-) = x 1,000,000,000,000,000 (or 10<sup>-15</sup>)
 
T (TERA-) = x 1,000,000,000,000 (or 10<sup>-12</sup>)
 
G (GIGA-) = x 1,000,000,000 (or 10<sup>-9</sup>)
 
M (MEG-) = x 1,000,000 (or 10<sup>6</sup>
 
K (KILO-) = × 1,000 (or 10<sup>3</sup>
 
h (HECTO-) = x 100 (or 10<sup>2</sup>)
 
d (DECI-) = x 1.0 (or 10<sup>-1</sup>)
 
c (CENTI-) = x 0.01 (or 10<sup>-2</sup>)
 
m (MILLI-) = x 0.001 (or /1000 or 10<sup>-3</sup>)
 
µ (MICRO-) = x 0.000 001 (or /1000000 or 10<sup>-6</sup>) (also mc)
 
n (NANO-) = x 0.000 000 001 (or /1000000000 or 10<sup>-9</sup>)
 
p (PICO-) = x 0.000 000 000 001 (or /10000000000 or 10<sup>-12</sup>)
 
f (FEMTO-) = x 0.000 000 000 000 001 (or /10000000000000 or 10<sup>-15</sup>)
 
==Discrete Components==
===Resistors===
 
R<sub>t</sub> = Total Resistance
 
Resistors in series
*R<sub>t</sub> = R1 + R2 + R3 (etc)
 
Resistors in parallel (2 resistors)
*R<sub>t</sub> = (R1xR2) / (R1+R2)


====Power====
Resistors in parallel (3 or more resistors)
*R<sub>t</sub> = 1 / ((1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/RN))


*[Batteries]
Resistors used as a voltage divider
*V<sub>out</sub> = V<sub>in</sub> x (R2/(R1+R2))


==Electrical==
====Resistor Colour Codes====
Pages pertaining to house and automotive electrical systems
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"|'''Colour'''
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"|'''Significant Digits (bands 1&2)'''
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"|'''Multipliers (band 3)'''
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"|'''Tolerence (band 4)'''
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: white;background: #000000;"| Black
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 0
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 1
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: white;background: #996633;"| Brown
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 1
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 10
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| ±1%
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: white;background: #FF0000;"| Red
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 2
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 100
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: white;background: #FF9900;"| Orange
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 3
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 1000 (k)
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: black;background: #FFFF00;"| Yellow
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 4
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 10000 (x10k)
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| No
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: black;background: #00FF00;"| Green
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 5
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 100000 (x100k)
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| colour
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: white;background: #0000FF;"| Blue
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 6
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 1000000 (M)
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| band
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: white;background: #FF00FF;"| Violet
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 7
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 10000000 (x10M)
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| ±20%
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: black;background: #CCCCCC;"| Gray
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 8
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 100000000 (x100M)
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: black;background: white;"| White
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| 9
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: white;background: #BBBB00;"| Gold
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| ±5%
|-
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;color: black;background: #EEEEEE;"| Silver
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| -
|style="width: 8%; text-align:center;"| ±10%
|}


===Microcontrollers===
Example: a component with Yellow, Violet, Orange and Silver bands could be a 47k resistor with 10% tolerance.
Pages about small computers, programming and process control


===Capacitors===






===Circuit Design Tips===
===Inductors===


1. Use existing circuits as building blocks to form entirely new circuits.


2. Always review the manufacturers specifications for active devices (transistors, integrated circuits etc.) before using them in a circuit. Pay particular attention to operating voltages and potential problems such as oscillation, noise, catchup etc.)


3. Bypass capacitors, while not always required, can prevent noise and oscillation in analogue circuits and false triggering and memory loss in digital circuits. In analogue circuits place a 0.1uF and 1.0uF capacitor across battery leads where they enter the circuit board. Use 0.1uF capacitors from power supply pins of operational amplifiers to ground. In digital circuits place a 0.1uF capacitor across the power supply pins of each chip.
==Active Components==


4. Component substitution is generally OK. Here are some general guidelines:
===Semiconductors===


4a. Resistors - Use next closest value. Use equal or higher power rating. Circuit performance may be altered. For example, a smaller than specified resistor in series with an LED will increase current through the LED.
====Diodes====


4b. Capacitors - Use the next closest value. Use equal or higher voltage rating. Circuit performance may be altered. For example, using a smaller than specified capacitor in a timing circuit will reduce the timing cycle.
====Transistors====


4c. Bipolar transistors - Substitute within the same family. Observe polarity and power.
====ICs====


===Circuit layout tips===
====Opto====
1. Conections between components should be as short as possible in high speed digital circuits and high frequency analogue circuits.


2. The input and output sections of high gain amplifiers should be physically isolated from one another. Otherwise inductance between the input and output wiring may cause a portion of the output signal to be fed back to the input. The result will be severe oscillation.


3. Power Transistors, ICs and some other components that become warm during operation often perform better with a hear sink. Therefore leave space around such components for a heat sink. Avoid placing heat sensitive components near components that may become hot.
===Microcontrollers===
Pages about small computers, programming and process control


4. Use insulated wire for interconnections. Insulate exposed component leads mounted close to other exposed leads or hardware.
==Other components==


5. All leads that carry household line currents must be insulated.
===Power===


6. Circuits in which a current flow is suddenly switched off or on may emit radio frequency radiation that can cause significant interference in nearby radios and televisions. Radio frequency emissions can be reduced by enclosing the entire circuit in a grounded metal enclosure. External connections to or from the enclosure should be made with shielded cables.
*Batteries


7. Use stranded wire for all connections that are not fixed in position (battery clip leads etc.) Use solid wire for fixed connections.
==Electrical==
Pages pertaining to house and automotive electrical systems

Latest revision as of 16:11, 17 June 2025

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Electronics

Concepts

  • Direct Current (DC) flows in one direction, either steadily or in pulses.
  • Alternating Current (AC) flows in alternating directions across a circuit
  • Current refers to the quantity of electrons passing a given point.
    • Unit - Amperes
    • Symbol - I
  • Voltage - refers to the electrical pressure or force
    • Unit - Volts
    • Symbol - V
  • Resistance - refers to a cause of restriction in the flow of a current
    • Unit - Ohms
    • Symbol - R (or Ω)
  • Power - refers to the work performed by a current
    • Unit - Watt
    • Symbol - p
  • Potential Difference - the difference in voltage between the two ends of a conductor through which a current flows. Also known as voltage drop.

Ohm's Law

a potential difference of 1 volt will force a current of 1 ampere through a resistance of 1 ohm, or: V = I x R or I = V / R or R = V / I

Ohm's law also is used to calculate power where P = I x V (or I^2 x R)

Abbreviations and Units

Metric Prefixes for SI Units

P (PETA-) = x 1,000,000,000,000,000 (or 10-15)

T (TERA-) = x 1,000,000,000,000 (or 10-12)

G (GIGA-) = x 1,000,000,000 (or 10-9)

M (MEG-) = x 1,000,000 (or 106

K (KILO-) = × 1,000 (or 103

h (HECTO-) = x 100 (or 102)

d (DECI-) = x 1.0 (or 10-1)

c (CENTI-) = x 0.01 (or 10-2)

m (MILLI-) = x 0.001 (or /1000 or 10-3)

µ (MICRO-) = x 0.000 001 (or /1000000 or 10-6) (also mc)

n (NANO-) = x 0.000 000 001 (or /1000000000 or 10-9)

p (PICO-) = x 0.000 000 000 001 (or /10000000000 or 10-12)

f (FEMTO-) = x 0.000 000 000 000 001 (or /10000000000000 or 10-15)

Discrete Components

Resistors

Rt = Total Resistance

Resistors in series

  • Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 (etc)

Resistors in parallel (2 resistors)

  • Rt = (R1xR2) / (R1+R2)

Resistors in parallel (3 or more resistors)

  • Rt = 1 / ((1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/RN))

Resistors used as a voltage divider

  • Vout = Vin x (R2/(R1+R2))

Resistor Colour Codes

Colour Significant Digits (bands 1&2) Multipliers (band 3) Tolerence (band 4)
Black 0 1 -
Brown 1 10 ±1%
Red 2 100 -
Orange 3 1000 (k) -
Yellow 4 10000 (x10k) No
Green 5 100000 (x100k) colour
Blue 6 1000000 (M) band
Violet 7 10000000 (x10M) ±20%
Gray 8 100000000 (x100M) -
White 9 - -
Gold - - ±5%
Silver - - ±10%

Example: a component with Yellow, Violet, Orange and Silver bands could be a 47k resistor with 10% tolerance.

Capacitors

Inductors

Active Components

Semiconductors

Diodes

Transistors

ICs

Opto

Microcontrollers

Pages about small computers, programming and process control

Other components

Power

  • Batteries

Electrical

Pages pertaining to house and automotive electrical systems

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