Useful Linux Command Line Stuff

From the Ubuntu Server Pro Tips guide:

Networking

Get the IP address of all interfaces

• networkctl status

Display all IP addresses of the host

• hostname -I

Enable/disable interface

• ip link set <interface> up
• ip link set <interface> down

Manage firewall rules

• enable firewall: sudo ufw enable
• list rules: sudo ufw status
• allow port: sudo ufw allow <port>
• deny port: sudo ufw deny <port>

Connect remotely through SSH

• ssh <user>@<host IP>

Packages

Search for packages

• apt search <string>
• snap find <string>

List available updates

• apt list --upgradable

Apply all available updates

• sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

Install from the Ubuntu archive:

• sudo apt install <package>

Install from the snap store:

• sudo snap install <package>

Which package provides this file?

• sudo apt install apt-file
• sudo apt-file update
• apt-file <filename or command>

==Files

List files

• ls

List files with permissions and dates

• ls -al

====Common file operations

• create empty: touch <filename>

create with content: echo "<content>" > <filename> append content: echo "<content>" >> <filename> display a text file: cat <file> copy: cp <file> <target filename> move/rename: mv <file> <target directory/filename> delete: rm <file> Create a directory: mkdir <directory> Create directories recursively: mkdir -p <directory1>/<directory2> Delete a directory recursively: rm -r <directory> Quick file search: locate Search string in file: grep <string> <filename> Search string recursively in directory: grep -Iris <string> <directory> Find files modified in the last n minutes: find <directory> -mmin -<n> -type f eg. find . -mmin -5 -type f Show only the nth column: col<n> “<separator>” <filename> eg. col2 “,” foo.csv Display file paginated: less <filename> Display first n lines: head -n <n> <filename> Display last n lines tail -n <n> <filename> Follow file content as it increases tail -f <filename> Pack a directory into an archive zip: zip -r <target> <source dir> tar.gz: tar cvzf <target>.tar.gz <source dir> Unpack an archive zip: unzip <zip file> tar.gz: tar xf <tar.gz file> Copy file to remote server scp <filename> <user@server>:<destination> eg. scp config.yaml admin@192.0.0.0:/config Copy directory recursively from remote server scp -r <user@server>:<source> <destination> eg. scp -r admin@192.0.0.0:/config /tmp

Security Show which users are logged in w Get password expiration date for <user> chage -l <user> Set password expiration date for <user> sudo chage <user> Lock a user account sudo passwd -l <user> Unlock a user account sudo passwd -u <user> List open ports and associated processes sudo netstat -tulpn

Automatically detect and ban abusive IP addresses sudo apt install fail2ban Show banned IP addresses sudo fail2ban-client status sudo fail2ban-client status <jail> Get the support status for installed packages ubuntu-support-status Enable kernel live patching sudo snap install canonical-livepatch sudo canonical-livepatch enable <token> Visit ubuntu.com/livepatch to get a free token for up to 3 machines.

System Display kernel version uname -r Get disk usage df -h Get memory usage cat /proc/meminfo Get system time timedatectl status Set system timezone timedatectl list-timezones sudo timedatectl set-timezone <zone> Get all running services systemctl --state running Start or stop a service service <service> start/stop Monitor new logs for a service journalctl -u <service> --since now -f

System Display kernel version uname -r Get disk usage df -h Get memory usage cat /proc/meminfo Get system time timedatectl status Set system timezone timedatectl list-timezones sudo timedatectl set-timezone <zone> Get all running services systemctl --state running Start or stop a service service <service> start/stop Monitor new logs for a service journalctl -u <service> --since now -f

Kubernetes and containers Install MicroK8s and list available add-ons sudo snap install microk8s --classic microk8s.status --wait-ready Enable a MicroK8s add-on microk8s.enable <service> View MicroK8s nodes and running services microk8s.kubectl get nodes microk8s.kubectl get services More MicroK8s help at microk8s.io/docs Launch a LXD container lxd init lxc launch ubuntu:18.04 <container name> Or another distro lxc launch images:centos/8/amd64 <container name> Get a shell inside a LXD container lxc exec <name> -- /bin/bash Push a file to a LXD container lxc file push <filename> <container name>/<path> Pull a file from a LXD container lxc file pull <destination> <container name>/<file path> More LXD help at linuxcontainers.org/lxd

Virtualisation Install Multipass and launch an Ubuntu VM sudo snap install multipass --classic multipass launch <image> --name <VM name> Omitting <image> will launch a VM with the latest Ubuntu LTS Find available images multipass find

List existing VMs multipass list Get a shell inside a VM multipass shell <VM name> More Multipass help at discourse.ubuntu.com

OpenStack Install OpenStack and launch an instance sudo snap install microstack --classic sudo microstack.init microstack.launch The Horizon dashboard is available at 10.20.20.1 Default credentials: admin / keystone More MicroStack help at microstack.run/docs